Gunung Marapi

 

Gunung Marapi (juga dikenal sebagai Merapi atau Berapi) adalah gunung berapi yang terletak di Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Gunung ini tergolong gunung yang paling aktif di Sumatera. Terletak dalam kawasan administrasi Kabupaten Agam. Gunung ini dapat juga dilihat dari kota Bukittinggi, kota Padangpanjang dan kabupaten Tanah Datar dan memiliki ketinggian 2.891 m. Gunung Marapi sudah meletus lebih dari 50 kali sejak akhir abad 18.

Catatan letusan

• Pada tanggal 8 September 1830 dilaporkan Gunung Marapi mengeluarkan awan yang berbentuk kembang kol abu-abu kehitaman dengan ketebalan 1.500 m di atas kawahnya, disertai dengan suara gemuruh.
• Pada tanggal 30 April 1979, menurut laporan pers disebutkan 60 orang tewas akibat letusan Gunung Marapi dan disebutkan juga 19 orang pekerja penyelamat terperangkap oleh tanah longsor. Letusan tersebut dikatakan juga mengeluarkan batu dan lumpur yang menyebabkan kerusakan sedikitnya pada lima daerah kawasan pemukiman penduduk setempat.
• Memasuki akhir tahun 2011 hingga awal tahun 2012, Gunung Marapi menampakkan peningkatan aktifitasnya melalui letusan yang menyemburkan abu dan awan hitam. Pernah diakhir tahun 2011 semburan abu terbawa angin berkilo-kilo jaraknya hingga mencapai Kabupaten Padang Pariaman.
• Tanggal 26 Februari 2014, Gunung Marapi meletus pada pukul 16.15 WIB, melepaskan material pasir, tefra, dan abu vulkanik ke wilayah Kabupaten Tanah Datar dan Agam. Status gunung ditetapkan Siaga (level 3) dan radius 3 km dari pusat kawah harus dikosongkan. Tidak ada evakuasi pada letusan ini.

Tour de Singkarak

Tour de Singkarak adalah kejuaraan balap sepeda resmi dari Persatuan Balap Sepeda Internasional (Union Cycliste International) yang diselenggarakan setiap tahun di Sumatera Barat. Kejuaraan yang pertama kali diselenggarakan pada tahun 2009 ini merupakan balapan jalan raya jarak jauh yang umumnya diadakan sekitar bulan April hingga Juni dan berlangsung selama seminggu. Kejuaraan ini telah menjalin kerjasama dengan Amaury Sport Organisation yang menjadi penyelenggara Tour de France di Perancis.

Sesuai dengan namanya, Singkarak yang merupakan danau terbesar di Sumatera Barat menjadi bagian dari jalur lintasan Tour de Singkarak. Selain itu, beberapa kawasan wisata lain juga menjadi bagian dari jalur lintasan, termasuk Lembah Harau, Danau Maninjau, Kelok 44, Danau Diatas, dan Danau Dibawah.

 

Sejarah

Tour de Singkarak diselenggarakan untuk pertama kali oleh Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Indonesia pada tahun 2009. Dipandang sukses dari segi peyelenggaraan, menjadikan ajang balap sepeda ini sebagai salah satu kejuaraan balap sepeda resmi Persatuan Balap Sepeda Internasional di kelas 2.2 Asia Tour. Sehingga selain didukung oleh Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Indonesia, Tour de Singkarak juga diperkuat dengan dukungan APBD provinsi dan kabupaten atau kota yang daerahnya dilalui oleh peserta. Hal ini disebabkan setiap daerah yang menjadi bagian dari tahapan perlombaan balap sepeda Tour de Singkarak mempunyai peran cukup besar dalam mengenalkan daerahnya. Sehingga jumlah kabupaten dan kota yang menjadi jalur lintasan Tour de Singkarak dari tahun ke tahun mengalami peningkatan.
Dalam tiga kali penyelenggaraan Tour de Singkarak, kota Padang selalu menjadi titik start pelombaan dengan titik finish di dermaga danau Singkarak. Namun pada Tour de Singkarak 2012, titik start lomba dipindahkan ke kota Sawahlunto. Sedangkan titik finish dipindahkan ke kota Padang sebagai ibu kota Sumatera Barat.

 

Dampak

Diselenggarakannya Tour de Singkarak dinilai telah dapat meningkatkan kunjungan wisatawan mancanegara ke Sumatera Barat. Bahkan pada tahun 2011 naik hingga 13,2% atau di atas kenaikan pariwisata nasional 8,9%. Pada tahun 2010, wisatawan mancanegara yang menginap di hotel berbintang di Sumatera Barat sebanyak 332.515 orang, dan tahun 2011 meningkat menjadi 413.180 orang atau naik sekitar 24,3%.
Dari segi koordinasi dan sinergitas, Tour de Singkarak juga dinilai sebagai event promosi pariwisata terbaik dari 41 event tetap yang digelar Kemenparekraf. Sinergitas itu terlihat dari kekompakan para pimpinan daerah dalam mendukung kegiatan tersebut; gubernur berikut para wali kota dan bupati selalu menghadiri langsung rapat koordinasi.

Tugas Bahasa Inggris ( Part IV )

REVIEWS OF JUMPER

Title : JUMPER
Director : Doug Liman
Scenario : Jim Uhls
Cast : Hayden Christensen, Rachel Bilson, Samuel L. Jackson
Distributor : 20th Century Fox

IN a day, he could sit in his recliner at the top of the statue of the Sphinx in Egypt. Then the streets of London, England. At night, he had been on the sidelines watching the action of the NBA basketball star. That is the opening sentence of this film. David Rice (Hayden Christensen) to introduce the figure of himself as an alias jumper jumper.

Jumper is a kind man who has the ability to teleport. That way, he can move as far as possible, as quickly as possible, and as high as possible in just a moment. Simply by paying attention to a picture with the intense, a moment later he was in a place that is in the photo.

Humans with super powers is now a trend. The difference with superheroes, people with super powers such as this show is.Without robes, leather clothing, or a mask that covers his face.But the matter of greatness, they never lose. Power can destroy a mountain, stopping time and also immortal.

One of the best brand is the series Heroes, which features a bunch of humans with extraordinary powers. They are pretty shirt or tie to save humanity from evil influences.

Jumper film also tells the story of the super. The difference is, the film departs from the novel by Steven Gould, published in 1992, is reluctant to put David as a hero.

Instead, Rice turned away from all the good that he should do. He became a criminal. David after robbing a bank is able to penetrate the walls of tight security.

As a result, David's life very beautiful. At a very young age, he's rolling in money. Without the hard work and nil education, he can stay in a luxury apartment, spend money at the gambling table, and spend in love with any woman who became his favorite.

All this happens because as a child, David, who grew up in Ann Harbor, Michigan, never to see happiness. Her mother left when she was five, his father quite strange. In the eyes of his friends, he was a loser.

Who presume, behind the weakness that David has a remarkable ability. When stuck in a snow-covered river, he was able to escape death. Since then, he realized there was something about him.

Fun? Of course. Doug Liman made Jumper like the Bourne Identity, the trilogy is working on and off. He invites the audience to travel from one place to another in a super-fast image movements. One of the special is the basement of the Colosseum in Rome, which had become an arena of gladiators pitted with wild animals. Or to the Roof of the World, Mount Everest.

But, ah, make a long boring too. Paladin gang scene search, the hunter jumper, the next story to be veining. Paladin think they are evil people who must be destroyed.

Emergence led Paladin Roland (Samuel Jackson) is a breakthrough that made the development team a completely different story with the original story in his novel.

It is legitimate and it should be. However, the film jumps too far and, this is the most important, they underestimate the important thing. For example, about the only superpower David described by the phrase has been around since medieval times.

Of course things are different when Ang Lee's Hulk lift to the big screen. Lee is not just another showing of the Hulk, the green giant suffering, but also with detailed reasons explaining the origin of the image processing itself into a giant.

However, all that may be overlooked if you want to get a fresh serving as the relief of fatigue or while waiting for traffic to go.David Rice to be the perfect ambassador for tourism, all of a sudden he shows a pretty face Roma, China is always busy, and ocean waves suitable for surfing Fiji. Cocoklah for tourism promotion.

Tugas Bahasa Inggris ( Part III )

From Direct Speech To Indirect Speech 

 

1. D  : Anisa says, “I go to work every day.”
          (Anisa berkata, “Saya pergi kerja setiap hari.”)
   ID : Anisa says that she goes to work every day.       (Anisa berkata bahwa dia pergi kerja setiap hari.
   
2. D  : She says, “My father is sleeping.”
          (Dia berkata, “Ayah saya sedang tidur.”)
   ID : She says that her father is sleeping.
          (Dia berkata bahwa ayahnya sedang tidur.)
3. D  : Edy says, “I will come with her.”
          (Edy berkata, “Saya akan datang bersamanya.”)
   ID : Edy says that he will come with her.
          (Edy berkata bahwa ia akan datang bersamanya.)
4. D  : Abas says, “Dila will be studying at seven tonight.”
          (Abas berkata, “Dila akan sedang belajar pada pukul tujuh malam nanti.”)
   ID : Abas says that Dila will be studying at seven tonight.
          (Abas berkata bahwa Dila akan sedang belajar pada pukul tujuh malam nanti.)
5. D  : They say, “We went to the movie yesterday.”
          (Mereka berkata, “Kami pergi ke bioskop kemarin.”)
   ID : They say that they went to the movie the day before.
          (Mereka berkata bahwa mereka pergi ke bioskop pada hari sebelumnya.)
6. D  : Iqbal said, “I have been reading that book for two weeks.”
          (Iqbal berkata, “Saya telah membaca buku itu selama dua minggu.”)
   ID : Iqbal said that he had been reading that book for two weeks.
          (Iqbal berkata bahwa dia telah membaca buku itu selama dua minggu.)
7. D  : They had said, “We  have seen that film twice.”
          (Mereka telah berkata, “Kami telah menonton film itu dua kali.”)
   ID : They had said that they had seen that film twice.
          (Mereka telah berkata bahwa mereka telah menonton film itu dua kali.)
8. D  : She had said, “I was walking when I saw Ayu.”
          (Dia telah berkata, “Saya sedang berjalan ketika saya melihat Ayu.”)
   ID : She had said that she had been walking when she saw Ayu atau She had said that she was walking when she saw Ayu.
          (Dia telah berkata bahwa dia sedang berjalan ketika ia sedang melihat Ayu.)
9. D  : Yoyok had said, “I was sick.”
          (Yoyok telah berkata, “Dia sakit.”)
   ID : Yoyok had said that she had been sick atau Yoyok had said that she was sick.
          (Yoyok telah berkata bahwa dia telah sakit.)
10. D  : Toyib said, “I am going to have an examination.”
           (Toyib berkata, “Saya akan menempuh ujian.”)
    ID : Toyib said that he was going to have an examination.
           (Toyib berkata bahwa dia akan menempuh ujian.)

SUMBER :

• Surjadi. H, John & Drs. S. Koentjoro & Drs. Manaf Asmoro Seputra. English Grammar Pembahasan Lengkap Tentang Tata Bahasa Inggris. Surabaya : Penerbit Indah, 1986.
• Utomo, A.Md, Satrio. English Grammar (Tata Bahasa Dalam Bahasa Inggris).  Jakarta : CV. IKED SOLO PUSTAKA GRAFINDO, 2008.

 

Tugas Bahasa Inggris ( Part II )

About Tornadoes

This week, we will tell about the science of tornadoes. Tornadoes have been observed in many parts of the world. But the storms are most often found in the United States.

Tornado season has begun in the United States. Violent storms struck several parts of the country last week. The National Weather Service said there were ten reports of tornadoes across the central and southern Plains states last Thursday.

A tornado is a violently turning tube of air suspended from a thick cloud. It extends from a thunderstorm in the sky down to the ground. The shape is like a funnel: wide at the top, narrower at the bottom.

Tornadoes form when winds blowing in different directions meet in the clouds and begin to turn in circles. Warm air rising from below causes the wind tube to reach toward the ground. Because of their circular movement, these windstorms are also known as twisters.

The most severe tornadoes can reach wind speeds of three hundred twenty kilometers an hour or more. In some cases, the resulting paths of damage can stretch more than a kilometer wide and eighty kilometers long.
 
With a tornado, bigger does not necessarily mean stronger. Large tornadoes can be weak. And some of the smallest tornadoes can be the most damaging. But no matter what the size, tornado winds are the strongest on Earth. Tornadoes have been known to carry trees, cars or homes from one place to another. They can also destroy anything in their path.

Tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica. But experts say they are most commonly seen in the United States. On average, eight hundred tornadoes are reported nationwide each year.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration keeps records of tornado sightings. It says tornadoes kill eighty people and injure one thousand five hundred others nationwide in an average year.

Tornadoes are observed most often in the central part of the United States, where the land is mostly flat. The area where the most violent tornadoes usually happen is known as “Tornado Alley.” This area is considered to extend from north central Texas to North Dakota.

Tornadoes can happen any time of the year. But most happen from late winter to the middle of summer. In some areas, there is a second high season in autumn.

Tornado seasons are the result of wind and weather patterns. During spring, warm air moves north and mixes with cold air remaining from winter. In autumn, the opposite happens. Cold weather moves south and combines with the last of the warm air from summer.

Tornadoes can strike with little or no warning. Most injuries happen when flying objects hit people. Experts say the best place to be is in an underground shelter, or a small, windowless room in the lowest part of a building.

People driving during a tornado are told to find low ground and lay flat, facedown, with their hands covering their head. People in the path of a tornado often just have minutes to make life-or-death decisions.
 
The deadliest American tornado on record was the Tri-State Tornado of March eighteenth, nineteen twenty-five. It tore across Missouri, Illinois and Indiana. About seven hundred people were killed.

A "tornado outbreak" is often defined as six or more tornadoes produced by the same weather system within a day. But the outbreak of April third and fourth, nineteen seventy-four, set a national record. It is remembered as the "Super Outbreak." One hundred forty-eight tornadoes struck during a twenty-four-hour period. More than three hundred people were killed and nearly six thousand others injured.

One tornado that was especially destructive hit Xenia, Ohio. The sound you are about to hear comes from the website www.xeniatornado.com. It is one man's recording of the tornado moving closer.

No two tornadoes look exactly the same. And no two tornadoes act the same way.

Even a weak tornado requires the right combination of wind, temperature, pressure and humidity. Weather experts can identify these conditions. And, when they observe them, they can advise people that tornadoes might develop. But they are not able to tell exactly where or when a tornado will hit. Tornado warnings still depend in large part on human observations.

Usually a community will receive a warning at least a few minutes before a tornado strikes. But each year there are some surprises where tornadoes develop when they are least expected.

The tornado reporting system involves watches and warnings. A tornado watch means tornadoes are possible in the area. A tornado warning means that a tornado has been seen. People are told to take shelter immediately.

Yet tornadoes can be difficult to see. Sometimes only the objects they are carrying through the air can be seen. Some night-time tornadoes have been observed because of lightning strikes nearby. But tornadoes at night are usually impossible to see.

Tornadoes that form over water are called waterspouts. But tornadoes cover a much smaller area than hurricanes, which form over oceans.

Tornadoes can be measured using wind speed information from Doppler radar systems. Tornadoes usually travel in a northeasterly direction with a speed of thirty-two to sixty-four kilometers an hour. But they have been reported to move in other directions and as fast as one hundred seventeen kilometers an hour.

In the United States, the force of a tornado is judged by the damage to structures. Scientists inspect the damage before they estimate the severity of a tornado. They measure tornadoes on the Enhanced Fujita scale or the EF scale.

Ted Fujita was a weather expert who developed a system to rate tornados in the nineteen seventies. The EF scale is a set, or collection, of wind estimates. They are based on levels of damage to twenty-eight different kinds of structures and other objects. Tornadoes that cause only light damage are called an EF-zero. Those with the highest winds that destroy well-built homes and throw vehicles great distances are called an EF-five.

Some people make a sport out of watching and following tornadoes. They are called tornado chasers or storm chasers. Their work can be seen in the extreme weather videos that are increasingly popular on television and on the Internet.
Some chasers do it just because it is their idea of fun. Others do it to help document storms and warn the public. Still others are part of weather research teams.

Recently, an international team of scientists completed a tornado research project called VORTEX2. More than one hundred researchers traveled throughout America’s Great Plains in two thousand nine and two thousand ten. They used weather measurement instruments to collect scientific information about the life of a tornado. The goal of the project was to examine in detail how tornadoes are formed and the kinds of damage they cause.

A film about the VORTEX2 project opened at some theaters in the United States last month. The film includes never before seen images of tornadoes. To safely capture up-close film footage of tornadoes, some project participants traveled in a seven-ton, armored tornado intercept vehicle directly into tornadoes as they formed.

The National Weather Service says the United States gets more severe weather than any other country. For one thing, it is also bigger than most other countries. And it has many different conditions that create many different kinds of weather.

There are seacoasts and deserts, flatlands and mountains. The West Coast is along the Pacific Ocean, which is relatively calm. The East Coast is along the Atlantic Ocean, which is known for its hurricanes. These strike mainly the southeastern states.

Tugas :
1. Simple Present :
    - A tornado is a violently turning tube of air suspended from a thick cloud 
    - This area is considered to extend from north central Texas to North Dakota.

2. Simple Past :
    - One tornado that was especially destructive hit Xenia, Ohio
    - Ted Fujita was a weather expert who developed a system to rate tornados in the nineteen seventies.

3. Simple Future :
   - This week, we will tell about the science of tornadoes.
   - But they are not able to tell exactly where or when a tornado will hit.

 

 

Tugas Bahasa Inggris

In 1830, only a few miles away from what is now the great city of Cincinnati, Ohio, lay a huge and almost endless forest.

The area had a few settlements established by people of the frontier. Many of them had already left the area for settlements further to the west. But among those remaining was a man who had been one of the first people to arrive there.

He lived alone in a house of logs surrounded on all sides by the great forest. He seemed a part of the darkness and silence of the forest, for no one had ever known him to smile or speak an unnecessary word. His simple needs were supplied by selling or trading the skins of wild animals in the town.

His little log house had a single door. Directly opposite was a window. The window was boarded up. No one could remember a time when it was not. And no one knew why it had been closed. I imagine there are few people living today who ever knew the secret of that window. But I am one, as you shall see.

The man's name was said to be Murlock. He appeared to be seventy years old, but he was really fifty. Something other than years had been the cause of his aging.

His hair and long, full beard were white. His gray, lifeless eyes were sunken. His face was wrinkled. He was tall and thin with drooping shoulders—like someone with many problems.

I never saw him. These details I learned from my grandfather. He told me the man's story when I was a boy. He had known him when living nearby in that early day.

One day Murlock was found in his cabin, dead. It was not a time and place for medical examiners and newspapers. I suppose it was agreed that he had died from natural causes or I should have been told, and should remember.

I know only that the body was buried near the cabin, next to the burial place of his wife. She had died so many years before him that local tradition noted very little of her existence.

That closes the final part of this true story, except for the incident that followed many years later. With a fearless spirit I went to the place and got close enough to the ruined cabin to throw a stone against it. I ran away to avoid the ghost which every well-informed boy in the area knew haunted the spot.

But there is an earlier part to this story supplied by my grandfather.

When Murlock built his cabin he was young, strong and full of hope. He began the hard work of creating a farm. He kept a gun--a rifle—for hunting to support himself.

He had married a young woman, in all ways worthy of his honest love and loyalty. She shared the dangers of life with a willing spirit and a light heart. There is no known record of her name or details about her. They loved each other and were happy.

One day Murlock returned from hunting in a deep part of the forest. He found his wife sick with fever and confusion. There was no doctor or neighbor within miles. She was in no condition to be left alone while he went to find help. So Murlock tried to take care of his wife and return her to good health. But at the end of the third day she fell into unconsciousness and died.

From what we know about a man like Murlock, we may try to imagine some of the details of the story told by my grandfather.

When he was sure she was dead, Murlock had sense enough to remember that the dead must be prepared for burial. He made a mistake now and again while performing this special duty. He did certain things wrong. And others which he did correctly were done over and over again.

He was surprised that he did not cry — surprised and a little ashamed. Surely it is unkind not to cry for the dead.

"Tomorrow," he said out loud, "I shall have to make the coffin and dig the grave; and then I shall miss her, when she is no longer in sight. But now -- she is dead, of course, but it is all right — it must be all right, somehow. Things cannot be as bad as they seem."

He stood over the body of his wife in the disappearing light. He fixed the hair and made finishing touches to the rest. He did all of this without thinking but with care. And still through his mind ran a feeling that all was right -- that he should have her again as before, and everything would be explained.

Murlock had no experience in deep sadness. His heart could not contain it all. His imagination could not understand it. He did not know he was so hard struck. That knowledge would come later and never leave.

Deep sadness is an artist of powers that affects people in different ways. To one it comes like the stroke of an arrow, shocking all the emotions to a sharper life. To another, it comes as the blow of a crushing strike. We may believe Murlock to have been affected that way.

Soon after he had finished his work he sank into a chair by the side of the table upon which the body lay. He noted how white his wife's face looked in the deepening darkness. He laid his arms upon the table's edge and dropped his face into them, tearless and very sleepy.

At that moment a long, screaming sound came in through the open window. It was like the cry of a lost child in the far deep of the darkening forest! But the man did not move. He heard that unearthly cry upon his failing sense, again and nearer than before. Maybe it was a wild animal or maybe it was a dream. For Murlock was asleep.

Some hours later, he awoke, lifted his head from his arms and listened closely. He knew not why. There in the black darkness by the side of the body, he remembered everything without a shock. He strained his eyes to see -- he knew not what.

His senses were all alert. His breath was suspended. His blood was still as if to assist the silence. Who — what had awakened him and where was it!

Suddenly the table shook under his arms. At the same time he heard, or imagined he heard, a light, soft step and then another. The sounds were as bare feet walking upon the floor!

He was afraid beyond the power to cry out or move. He waited—waited there in the darkness through what seemed like centuries of such fear. Fear as one may know, but yet live to tell. He tried but failed to speak the dead woman's name. He tried but failed to stretch his hand across the table to learn if she was there. His throat was powerless. His arms and hands were like lead.

Then something most frightful happened. It seemed as if a heavy body was thrown against the table with a force that pushed against his chest. At the same time he heard and felt the fall of something upon the floor. It was so violent a crash that the whole house shook. A fight followed and a confusion of sounds impossible to describe.

Murlock had risen to his feet. Extreme fear had caused him to lose control of his senses. He threw his hands upon the table. Nothing was there!

There is a point at which fear may turn to insanity; and insanity incites to action. With no definite plan and acting like a madman, Murlock ran quickly to the wall. He seized his loaded rifle and without aim fired it.

The flash from the rifle lit the room with a clear brightness. He saw a huge fierce panther dragging the dead woman toward the window. The wild animal's teeth were fixed on her throat! Then there was darkness blacker than before, and silence.

When he returned to consciousness the sun was high and the forest was filled with the sounds of singing birds. The body lay near the window, where the animal had left it when frightened away by the light and sound of the rifle.

The clothing was ruined. The long hair was in disorder. The arms and legs lay in a careless way. And a pool of blood flowed from the horribly torn throat. The ribbon he had used to tie the wrists was broken. The hands were tightly closed.

And between the teeth was a piece of the animal's ear.

Tugas :
1. Simple Present :
    - But there is an earlier part to this story supplied by my grandfather.
    - There is no known record of her name or details about her

2. Simple Past :
    - One day Murlock was found in his cabin, dead.
    - It was not a time and place for medical examiners and newspapers.

3. Simple Future :
   - But I am one, as you shall see.
   - I shall have to make the coffin and dig the grave; and then I shall miss her, when she is no longer in sight.

Tuanku Imam Bonjol

Tuanku Imam Bonjol (lahir di Bonjol, Pasaman, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia 1772 - wafat dalam pengasingan dan dimakamkan di Lotak, Pineleng, Minahasa, 6 November 1864), adalah salah seorang ulama, pemimpin dan pejuang yang berperang melawan Belanda dalam peperangan yang dikenal dengan nama Perang Padri pada tahun 1803-1838. Tuanku Imam Bonjol diangkat sebagai Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia berdasarkan SK Presiden RI Nomor 087/TK/Tahun 1973, tanggal 6 November 1973.

Nama dan gelar

Nama asli dari Tuanku Imam Bonjol adalah Muhammad Shahab, yang lahir di Bonjol pada tahun 1772. Dia merupakan putra dari pasangan Bayanuddin (ayah) dan Hamatun (ibu). Ayahnya, Khatib Bayanuddin, merupakan seorang alim ulama yang berasal dari Sungai Rimbang, Suliki, Lima Puluh Kota. Sebagai ulama dan pemimpin masyarakat setempat, Muhammad Shahab memperoleh beberapa gelar, yaitu Peto Syarif, Malin Basa, dan Tuanku Imam. Tuanku nan Renceh dari Kamang, Agam sebagai salah seorang pemimpin dari Harimau nan Salapan adalah yang menunjuknya sebagai Imam (pemimpin) bagi kaum Padri di Bonjol. Ia akhirnya lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Tuanku Imam Bonjol.

Riwayat perjuangan

Tak dapat dimungkiri, Perang Padri meninggalkan kenangan heroik sekaligus traumatis dalam memori bangsa. Selama sekitar 18 tahun pertama perang itu (1803-1821) praktis yang berperang adalah sesama orang Minang dan Mandailing atau Batak umumnya.
Pada awalnya timbulnya peperangan ini didasari keinginan dikalangan pemimpin ulama di kerajaan Pagaruyung untuk menerapkan dan menjalankan syariat Islam sesuai dengan Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah (Sunni) yang berpegang teguh pada Al-Qur'an dan sunnah-sunnah Rasullullah shalallahu 'alaihi wasallam. Kemudian pemimpin ulama yang tergabung dalam Harimau nan Salapan meminta Tuanku Lintau untuk mengajak Yang Dipertuan Pagaruyung beserta Kaum Adat untuk meninggalkan beberapa kebiasaan yang tidak sesuai dengan Islam (bid'ah).
Dalam beberapa perundingan tidak ada kata sepakat antara Kaum Padri (penamaan bagi kaum ulama) dengan Kaum Adat. Seiring itu dibeberapa nagari dalam kerajaan Pagaruyung bergejolak, dan sampai akhirnya Kaum Padri dibawah pimpinan Tuanku Pasaman menyerang Pagaruyung pada tahun 1815, dan pecah pertempuran di Koto Tangah dekat Batu Sangkar. Sultan Arifin Muningsyah terpaksa melarikan diri dari ibukota kerajaan ke Lubukjambi.
Pada 21 Februari 1821, kaum Adat secara resmi bekerja sama dengan pemerintah Hindia-Belanda berperang melawan kaum Padri dalam perjanjian yang ditandatangani di Padang, sebagai kompensasi Belanda mendapat hak akses dan penguasaan atas wilayah darek (pedalaman Minangkabau). Perjanjian itu dihadiri juga oleh sisa keluarga dinasti kerajaan Pagaruyung di bawah pimpinan Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar yang sudah berada di Padang waktu itu.
Campur tangan Belanda dalam perang itu ditandai dengan penyerangan Simawang dan Sulit Air oleh pasukan Kapten Goffinet dan Kapten Dienema awal April 1821 atas perintah Residen James du Puy di Padang, Dalam hal ini Kompeni melibatkan diri dalam perang karena "diundang" oleh kaum Adat.
Perlawanan yang dilakukan oleh pasukan padri cukup tangguh sehingga sangat menyulitkan Belanda untuk menundukkannya. Oleh sebab itu Belanda melalui Gubernur Jendral Johannes van den Bosch mengajak pemimpin Kaum Padri yang waktu itu telah dipimpin oleh Tuanku Imam Bonjol untuk berdamai dengan maklumat Perjanjian Masang pada tahun 1824. Hal ini dimaklumi karena disaat bersamaan Batavia juga kehabisan dana dalam menghadapi peperangan lain di Eropah dan Jawa seperti Perang Diponegoro. Tetapi kemudian perjanjian ini dilanggar sendiri oleh Belanda dengan menyerang nagari Pandai Sikek.
Namun, sejak awal 1833 perang berubah menjadi perang antara kaum Adat dan kaum Paderi melawan Belanda, kedua pihak bahu-membahu melawan Belanda, Pihak-pihak yang semula bertentangan akhirnya bersatu melawan Belanda. Diujung penyesalan muncul kesadaran, mengundang Belanda dalam konflik justru menyengsarakan masyarakat Minangkabau itu sendiri. Bersatunya kaum Adat dan kaum Padri ini dimulai dengan adanya kompromi yang dikenal dengan nama Plakat Puncak Pato di Tabek Patah yang mewujudkan konsensus Adat basandi Syarak, Syarak basandi Kitabullah (Adat berdasarkan Agama, Agama berdasarkan Kitabullah (Al-Qur'an)).
Rasa penyesalan Tuanku Imam Bonjol atas tindakan kaum Padri atas sesama orang Minang, Mandailing dan Batak, terefleksi dalam ucapannya Adopun hukum Kitabullah banyak lah malampau dek ulah kito juo. Baa dek kalian? (Adapun banyak hukum Kitabullah yang sudah terlangkahi oleh kita. Bagaimana pikiran kalian?).
Penyerangan dan pengepungan benteng kaum Padri di Bonjol oleh Belanda dari segala jurusan selama sekitar enam bulan (16 Maret-17 Agustus 1837) yang dipimpin oleh jenderal dan para perwira Belanda, tetapi dengan tentara yang sebagian besar adalah bangsa pribumi yang terdiri dari berbagai suku, seperti Jawa, Madura, Bugis, dan Ambon. Dalam daftar nama para perwira pasukan Belanda, terdapat Mayor Jendral Cochius, Letnan Kolonel Bauer, Mayor Sous, Kapten MacLean, Letnan Satu Van der Tak, Pembantu Letnan Satu Steinmetz. dan seterusnya, tetapi juga terdapat nama-nama Inlandsche (pribumi) seperti Kapitein Noto Prawiro, Inlandsche Luitenant Prawiro di Logo, Karto Wongso Wiro Redjo, Prawiro Sentiko, Prawiro Brotto, dan Merto Poero.
Terdapat 148 perwira Eropa, 36 perwira pribumi, 1.103 tentara Eropa, 4.130 tentara pribumi, Sumenapsche hulptroepen hieronder begrepen (pasukan pembantu Sumenep, Madura). Serangan terhadap benteng Bonjol dimulai orang-orang Bugis yang berada di bagian depan dalam penyerangan pertahanan Padri.
Dari Batavia didatangkan terus tambahan kekuatan tentara Belanda, dimana pada tanggal 20 Juli 1837 tiba dengan Kapal Perle di Padang, Kapitein Sinninghe, sejumlah orang Eropa dan Afrika, 1 sergeant, 4 korporaals dan 112 flankeurs. Yang belakangan ini menunjuk kepada serdadu Afrika yang direkrut oleh Belanda di benua itu, kini negara Ghana dan Mali. Mereka juga disebut Sepoys dan berdinas dalam tentara Belanda.

Penangkapan dan pengasingan

Setelah datang bantuan dari Batavia, maka Belanda mulai melanjutkan kembali pengepungan, dan pada masa-masa selanjutnya, kedudukan Tuanku Imam Bonjol bertambah sulit, namun ia masih tak sudi untuk menyerah kepada Belanda. Sehingga sampai untuk ketiga kali Belanda mengganti komandan perangnya untuk merebut Bonjol, yaitu sebuah negeri kecil dengan benteng dari tanah liat yang di sekitarnya dikelilingi oleh parit-parit. Barulah pada tanggal 16 Agustus 1837, Benteng Bonjol dapat dikuasai setelah sekian lama dikepung.
Dalam bulan Oktober 1837, Tuanku Imam Bonjol diundang ke Palupuh untuk berunding. Tiba di tempat itu langsung ditangkap dan dibuang ke Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Kemudian dipindahkan ke Ambon dan akhirnya ke Lotak, Minahasa, dekat Manado. Di tempat terakhir itu ia meninggal dunia pada tanggal 8 November 1864. Tuanku Imam Bonjol dimakamkan di tempat pengasingannya tersebut.

Penghargaan

Perjuangan yang telah dilakukan oleh Tuanku Imam Bonjol dapat menjadi apresiasi akan kepahlawanannya dalam menentang penjajahan, sebagai penghargaan dari pemerintah Indonesia yang mewakili rakyat Indonesia pada umumnya, Tuanku Imam Bonjol diangkat sebagai Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia sejak tanggal 6 November 1973.
Selain itu nama Tuanku Imam Bonjol juga hadir di ruang publik bangsa sebagai nama jalan, nama stadion, nama universitas, bahkan pada lembaran Rp 5.000 keluaran Bank Indonesia 6 November 2001.